Comprehensive benefit analysis on the cascade utilization of a power battery system

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.07.008

Abstract

Abstract:

With the development of clean energy， new energy vehicles gradually entered the market. As an energy storage device and an important component of a new energy vehicle， the power battery will see its performance degradation with the extension of time and changes in working conditions until its decommissioning. The retired power battery can be applied to other fields to improve its full-life cycle value. A life-cycle assessment（LCA） model and a life-cycle cost（LCC） model for the cascade utilization of a power battery system are developed. The environmental impacts of a pack of lithium iron phosphate batteries' five stages from production to recycling on global warming potential （GWP） are calculated by the LCA. The GWP， fine particulate matter formation （FPMF）， terrestrial acidification （TA）， marine eutrophication （MEP）and fossil resource scarcity （FRS） of the battery system under four scenarios are analyzed， and sensitivity analyses on parameters such as energy consumption and charging and discharging efficiency are conducted. LCC assessment analyses the net present value （NPV） and levelized cost of electricity （LCOE） of the battery system， and sensitivity analyses are performed on parameters that affected LCOE， such as energy storage efficiency and discharge depth. The results show that retired batteries processed by wet recycling applied to wind energy storage have favorable social benefits， leading to a smallest GWP of 194. The NPV and LCOE of the system with a 15-year service time are -42.066 million yuan， 2.44 yuan/（kW·h）， respectively. Making quantitative analyses on the social and economic benefits of the cascade utilization of power battery energy storage systems is of great significance for comprehensive utilization of resources and environmental protection in China.

Key words: clean energy, power battery, cascade utilization, life-cycle assessment, life-cycle cost, global warming potential, levelized cost of electricity, new energy vehicle

CLC Number:

X828:TK02

HUANG Xiaofan, LI Jiarui, LIU Hui, TANG Xiaoping, WANG Ziyao, WANG Tong. Comprehensive benefit analysis on the cascade utilization of a power battery system[J]. Integrated Intelligent Energy, 2024, 46(7): 63-73.

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国家	应用领域	案例概述	参与主体
德国	商业储能	采用退役电池配合光伏发电，用于电动汽车充电站	博世集团、瓦腾福公司
德国	参与电力市场服务	利用退役电池建设电池梯次利用项目	奔驰汽车公司
荷兰	用户侧储能	用Leaf退役电池建设梯次利用电池项目	尼桑公司等
日本	家庭、商业储能	销售或租赁二手动力电池用于家庭和商业储能	4R能源公司
美国	家用供电	将退役蓄电池进行重新整合	通用汽车公司、ABB公司

应用领域	案例概述	参与主体
电网储能	退役锂电池用于建设360 kW·h梯次利用智能电网储能系统	海博思创科技有限公司
	建成了100 kW级退役电池储能系统的风光储混合微电网示范工程	国网河南省电力公司
	完成MW级梯次利用电池储能系统工程示范	国网冀北电力公司
备用电源	将退役的LFP电池作为基站的通信备用电源	铁塔集团
削峰填谷、电费管理	主导设计MW级梯次利用电池储能系统	煦达新能源科技有限公司

类别		材料名称	数值
输入	正极片制造流程	磷酸铁锂/kg	2.67
		正极导电碳/kg	1.16
		PVDF/kg	0.12
		NMP/kg	0.12
		去离子水/kg	15.40
	负极片制造流程	羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）/kg	0.02
		丁苯乳胶（SBR）/kg	0.58
		铜箔/kg	1.00
		石墨/kg	0.07
	装配流程	隔膜/kg	0.02
		铝壳/kg	0.67
		聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯/kg	0.02
		BMS/kg	0.16
		水/m³	2.27
	注液流程	LiPF₆/kg	0.38
		DMC/kg	1.07
		碳酸乙烯酯（EC)/kg	0.65
	能源消耗	电力/（kW·h）	35.50
	能源消耗	天然气/m³	1.67
	运输	柴油重卡运输/（kg·km）	3.30
输出	废水处理	总废水量/kg	12.60
		化学需氧量（COD）/kg	6.30×10^-4
		固体悬浮物（SS）/kg	1.26×10^-4
		氨氮/kg	9.58×10^-5
		总磷/kg	2.58×10^-6
	废气排放	CO/kg	4.33×10^-6
		SO₂/kg	1.75×10^-5
		非甲烷总烃/kg	1.32×10^-2
		NO_x/kg	3.12×10^-3
		粉尘/kg	4.19×10^-4
	产品	LFP电池/kg	9.38

类型	数值
纯电动续驶里程/km	469
整车整备质量/kg	1 836
动力蓄电池组总质量/kg	419
动力蓄电池组总容量/（kW·h）	66
100 km能量消耗率限值/（kW·h）	17

类别		材料名称	数值
输入	材料	退役LFP电池/kg	1.00
		电缆（铜）/kg	1.21×10^-2
		外壳（钢）/kg	3.23×10^-2
		电池管理系统（BMS）/kg	8.08×10^-3
		镍（金属）/kg	4.04×10^-3
	能源	电力/（kW·h）	6.74×10^-2
输出	产品	二次使用电池/kg	1.00